Compared to other grains, grain sorghum has unique characteristics that must be understood before successfully harvesting, drying and storing it. Sorghum is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family poaceae. Early sorghum varieties were tall and made combining almost impossible, but the. Sorghum bicolor plant finder missouri botanical garden. Milo noun sorghum of a droughtresistant variety which is an important cereal in the central us.
It has special adaptations to weather extremes and is. In the midwest and parts of the southern states of the usa, the juice of sweet sorghum is heated, clarified by skimming, and concentrated into a syrup. Pdf weed management programs in grain sorghum sorghum bicolor. Sorghum bicolor is an important food crop in africa, central america, and south asia and is the. Sorghum insect pests and their management uga cooperative. We strongly recommend you follow the accepted agronomic and cultural practices for grain sorghum production in your growing region. Rye information sheet pdf sorghum sorghum bicolor budgets. Sorghum is the fifth important crop among the cereals in the world following rice, wheat, maize, and barley in total area planted and production. The main importers of sorghum are japan, mexico, the former ussr cis and venezuela. Sorghum bicolor, commonly called sorghum and also known as great millet, durra, jowari, or milo, is a grass species cultivated for its grain, which is used for.
Sorghum diseases and pests, description, uses, propagation. Grain sorghum uses less nitrogen than corn and will produce similar yields to corn on marginal soils. As a grain, sorghum is used as a both a food and feed crop primarily based on its historical use in each production. Pdf comparative performance of milo vs maldandi based rabi. Milo or grain sorghum sorghum bicolor is adapted for kentucky but is not widely.
Within most developing countries, the sorghum crop rarely reaches the market. Growth characteristics also vary depending on the location grown, inputs, and agronomic practices. Gramineae, poaceae sorghum bicolor is an annual plant having its different parts widely used in tm. Moench is the most important staple food crop in eritrea. However, a proper insect pest management program will minimize losses to insects and ensure appropriate insecticide use.
The plant likely originated in africa, where it is a major food crop, and has numerous varieties, including grain sorghums, used for food. In africa, grain sorghum is mainly used as a food crop. Growers must be prepared to scout and prevent injury from insects in sorghum. Sorghum commonly known as broom corn, great millet, durra, jowari and milo is a large grain plant native to northern africa which is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions these days.
In this document cultivated sorghum or sorghum will be used to refer to sorghum bicolor. Some of these species have grown as cereals for human consumption and some in pastures for animals. Moench belongs to the family gramineae, including both wild and cultivated sorghum. Spatial occurrence of endoreduplication, a variant of the cell cycle resulting in endopolyploidy, was investigated in the developing sorghum caryopsis between 5 and 16 dap days after pollination. Grain sorghum hybrids are becoming increasingly available to american farmers as the result of discovery of cytoplasmic male sterility in 1952. Sorghum commercial food products in us and other countries. Above average rainfall occurred in may 2000 which resulted in twin rows at any. The sterols and triterpenes of sorghum vulgare grains. Grain sorghum grown primarily for food uses can be divided into milo, kafir, hegari, feterita and hybrids purseglove, 1972. Worldwide, grain sorghum is grown on more than 40 million hectares, especially in china, india, and africa. It is a good rotation crop, tolerating heat and moisture stress, and performing better than maize on soils with marginal potassium k levels. The genus sorghum belongs to the tribe andropogoneae of the family poaceae. Common names of sorghum include wild grain, grain sorghum, forage sorghum, sweet sorghum, broom millet, broomcorn, milo, jowar, kafir corn, guinea corn and cholam, among many others usda ars 2015. Maturity genotypes of the milo type of sorghum bicolor l.
Hybrid forage sorghum hybrid forage sorghums commonly referred to as forage sorghum grow 810 ft tall and have relatively large stem diameters. Pdf sorghum is a staple food crop for millions of poor people in the semiarid tropics of africa and asia. Moench is an important grain, forage, and bioenergy crop grown throughout the world. Insect pests can be a major limiting factor in grain sorghum production in georgia. Weed management programs in grain sorghum sorghum bicolor. Flow sheet of grain sorghum wet milling after watson 1970 sorghum. A study conducted in four sub regions hamelmalo, segeneyti, tesseney and goluj of eritrea to determined farmers perceptions on sorghum diversity, utilization, post harvest and production problems and their management practices using a semi. It has special adaptations to weather extremes and is a very stable source of nutrition as a result. Weed risk assessment for sorghum bicolor nothosubsp. Sweet sorghum and the other cultivated species have a chromosome number of n 10 and is primarily selfpollinated with about 2 to 5% crosspollination.
Sorghum is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family poaceae, which includes about 25 species. Fsg 425 hybrid grain sorghum sorghum bicolor outstanding yield performance. Sorghums sorghum bicolor are warmseason grasses native to africa. Pdf twentyseven sorghum hybrids developed in a line x tester mating design. Globally, it produces approximately 70 million tons of grain from about 50 million ha o f land. Sorghum has an erect solid stem with one or more tillers additional shoot that grows subsequent to the parent shoot and curving leaves which are arranged alternately on the stems and are lancelike in shape, measuring 305 cm 1253 in in length. The focus of this species page is on sorghum bicolor ssp. Some people are interested in sweet sorghum sorghum bicolor which is the same species as grain sorghum, but a different growth type. Due to its exceptional drought tolerance, sorghum is a predominant cereal grain in semiarid regions of the world. The word sorghum typically refers to cultivated sorghum sorghum bicolor l. Comparative performance of milo vs maldandi based rabi sorghum hybrids in the. This publication provides information on the biology and management of sorghum pests.
Appropriate sorghum varieties must be chosen for each use, but all types are as easy to grow as corn. Fur zuckerhirse als energiepflanze gibt es erst seit relativ kurzer zeit. They are the most heat and droughttolerant cover crops typically. Grain sorghum sorghum bicolor grain sorghum is an annual summer crop. A field study was conducted in arkansas over three years to evaluate various herbicide treatments, including sequential and tankmix applications for weed control in grain sorghum sorghum bicolor. In one study, sorghum growth and yield were compared when planted in a single row on beds or planted in twin rows on beds with different plant populations under dryland or irrigation. Corn, called maize in europe, and grain sorghum, designated milo in the united states commodities trade, are among the most efficient converters ofsolar energy to usable plant matter. Kentucky plant disease management guide for sorghum pdf. Moench is the main summer grain crop in the northern grains region, and plays a key role in providing feed grains to the beef, dairy, pig and poultry industries. Sorghum is a genus with many species and subspecies, and there are several types of sorghum, including grain sorghums, grass sorghums for pasture and hay, sweet sorghums for syrups, and broomcorn. Seventeen of the twentyfive species are native to australia, with the range of some extending to africa, asia, mesoamerica, and certain islands in the indian and pacific oceans. Hybrid forage sorghum hybrid forage sorghums commonly referred to as forage sorghum grow 810 ft. Sorghum, sorghum bicolor l moench, is the fifth most important cereal after rice, wheat. However, all sorghum and sudangrassrelated species have the potential to smother weeds, suppress nematode species, and penetrate compacted subsoil clark, 2007.
Development of the endosperm of sorghum bicolor during the. One of the most versatile members of the grass family, sorghum sorghum bicolor can be grown for grain, crafting or for processing into sorghum syrup. It is the member of the grass family poaceae or gramineae. With some modifications, you can use existing equipment for both sorghum and other grains. This crop grows best in regions where the annual rainfall ranges from 400 to 800 mm rainfall, but is mostly planted where rainfall is too low for maize production. Grain sorghum is used for human and animal consumption and is also used for malt in brewing.
The appearance of grain sorghum at the panicle initiation growth stage. It continues to be a leading cereal grain in most areas of africa. Ethnobotanical reports showed that decoction from sorghum bicolor seed possessed demulcent. Kentucky integrated crop management manual for field cropsgrain sorghum. Moench is a crop indigenous to africa, where it appears to have been domesticated in ethiopia about 5 000 years ago. These test guidelines apply to all varieties of sorghum bicolor l. Sorghum, sorghum bicolor, is an annual or perennial grass in the family poaceae grown primarily for its grain. Pdf weed management programs in grain sorghum sorghum. Grain sorghum 0302 osu extension catalog oregon state. Grain sorghum, mabele, amazimba, amabele origin and distribution sorghum is the 5th most important grain crop after wheat, maize, rice and barley.
Sorghumsudangrass sorghum bicolor cornell university. We strongly recommend you follow the accepted agronomic and cultural practices for grain sorghum production in your. Fsg 801 hybrid grain sorghum sorghum bicolor sugarcane aphid tolerance. Sorghum grows best where summers are quite warm, with daytime temperatures.
Characterization of fragrance in sorghum sorghum bicolor l. The sweet sorghum stalk is commonly consumed like sugar cane. Sorghum bicolor besteht aus einjahrigen, domestizierten formen, wilden. The seed or grain of sorghum is an important economical part of the plant used primarily for feeding livestock and industrial purposes in the united states. It is the fifth most important cereal crop after wheat, corn, rice and barley. Grain sorghum is one of four major types of sorghum bicolor. One species, sorghum bicolor, native to africa with many cultivated forms now, is an important crop worldwide, used for food as grain and in sorghum syrup or sorghum molasses, animal fodder, the production of alcoholic beverages, and biofuels.
Grain sorghum is one of the top cereal crops in the world. It is an upright, shortday, summer annual that is extremely drought tolerant, and an excellent choice for arid and dry areas. Moench studies were conducted in the coastal bend region of texas over a twoyear period. Ethnobotanical reports showed that decoction from sorghum bicolor seed possessed demulcent, diuretic, emollient, remedy for cancer, epilepsy, flux, and stomach ache 104,105. Sweet sorghum sorghum bicolor is a giant grass, somewhat similar in appearance to sugarcane, but able to withstand cooler climates.
Sorghum, sorghum bicolor, also called great millet, indian millet, milo, durra, or shallu, cereal grain plant of the grass family poaceae and its edible starchy seeds. There are other classes of sorghums such as sorghos, grass sorghums, broomcorn sorghum and specialpurpose sorghum. It is now widely cultivated in dry areas of africa, asia, the americas, europe and australia between latitudes of. This document is intended to provide background information on the biology of cultivated sorghum bicolor, its identity, geographical distribution, reproductive biology and ecology, related species, the potential for gene introgression from s. Clarke, in encyclopedia of food sciences and nutrition second edition, 2003. With sweet sorghum, the sap is extracted from the stalks of the plants and that sap is refined into sorghum. Sorghum sudangrass cover crop fact sheet series horticulture extension 1 college of agriculture and life sciences sorghum bicolor udangrass and sorghum sudangrass are midsummer grasses suitable for 810 week plantings. The trade in sorghum is small compared with the major grains such as wheat, maize, barley and rice. Contribution of azospirillum brasilense to the nitrogen needs of grain sorghum sorghum bicolor l.
Worldwide, grain sorghum is today considered one of the four most important cereal grains used for human consumption. Seventeen of the 25 species are native to australia, with the range of some extending to africa, asia, mesoamerica, and certain islands in the indian and pacific oceans. The latter is used mainly for molasses but more recently for biofuel production as well. Sorghum cover crops can also be used as livestock forage in a cropping system magdoff. Common names of sorghum include wild grain, grain sorghum, forage sorghum, sweet sorghum, broom millet, broomcorn, milo, jowar, kafir corn, guinea corn and. Sorghum facts, health benefits and nutritional value. Moench is an important crop in the united states, particularly in the semiarid region of the southwest. It is grown for home consumption unless there is a bumper crop, or if cash is needed. Kernels, pieces of sorghum kernels, and other grains that are materially discolored and damaged by heat. Seeds of broomcorn, johnsongrass, sorghum almum parodi, and sudangrass.
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